Cardiology is concerned about the normal functioning of the
heart and away from a healthy heart . Many disorders involving the heart itself
, but some are outside the heart .
1.Disorders of the coronary circulation
Unlike a basic understanding of the cardiovascular system ,
the heart can not receive enough oxygen and nutrients from the blood pump and
that it must be supplied with blood as if it were another body in the body. Otherwise systemic organ perfusion in a heart receives the diastole phase rather
than systole. This way circulation of the blood is called the coronary circulation
. Coronary circulation is of coronary arteries and coronary veins .
Disorders of the coronary circulation can have devastating
effects on the heart from heart damage may reduce the coronary circulation
which causes further damage. Some examples are as follows :
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) :Acute coronary syndrome is a broad term that encompasses
many symptoms of acute myocardial infarction .
Angina: Angina literally means " chest pain " which refers
to the pain caused by ischemia of the heart.
atherosclerosis : Atherosclerosis is the condition in which an artery wall
thickens as the result of an accumulation of fat (eg , cholesterol).
Atherosclerosis coronary artery leads to coronary heart disease .
Coronary artery disease:Coronary heart disease is a general term for a reduction in
the coronary circulation. Such a condition is atherosclerosis .
Myocardial infarction ( heart attack) :Myocardial infarction is the death of a part of the heart
which is typically caused by a blockage of the coronary circulation and
coronary disease.
Restenosis: means narrowing of a coronary artery
in the coronary circulation .
Heart failure :Cardiac arrest refers to the stop ( stop ) the normal
systemic circulation due to failure in proper contraction of the heart. There
are many several conditions that can cause cardiac arrest.
Asystole ( " flatline " ):Asystole refers to the absence of electrical activity of the
heart and is sometimes referred to as a " flatline " because the
electrocardiogram shows a solid line because of the absence of electrical
activity .
Pulseless electrical activity (PEA):Pulseless electrical activity is when the electrocardiogram
shows a rhythm that should produce a pulse , but it does not. PEA is often
caused by 6 H 6 and T .
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia: no pulse is felt due to ineffective cardiac output which causes
cardiac arrest.
Sudden cardiac death : Sudden cardiac death is a concept of natural death rather
than a specific medical condition . There are several causes of sudden cardiac
death and is distinct from a cardiac arrest.
Ventricular fibrillation :Ventricular fibrillation is a fibrillation of ventricles of
the heart . Rhythmic contraction is necessary for the efficient movement of
blood and fibrillation disrupts the rhythm enough to cause cardiac arrest.Treatment includes CPR and defibrillation according to the exact cause of cardiac
arrest.
2. Disorders of the myocardium (heart muscle )
Cardiomyopathy : Cardiomyopathy is a deterioration of the
myocardium.
Ischemic cardiomyopathy : cardiomyopathy causing ischemia of
the heart due to coronary artery disease .
Nonischemic cardiomyopathy : Cardiomyopathy not caused by
ischemia of the heart.
Amyloid cardiomyopathy :Cardiomyopathy caused by amyloidosis .
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy : Cardiomyopathy induced by an
enlarged heart .
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy : dilated cardiomyopathy caused by
the heart .
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy : A type of dilated cardiomyopathy
caused by chronic alcohol abuse.
Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy : A type of dilated
cardiomyopathy caused by chronictachycardia .
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy :A type of dilated cardiomyopathy caused by a sudden
temporary weakening of the myocardium.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy : Cardiomyopathy caused by
excessive rigidity of the heart .
Heart failure : heart failure to produce enough to meet the
metabolic needs of the body blood flow.
Pulmonary heart : untreated pulmonary heart can cause
chronic right heart failure pulmonary hypertrophy .
VH hypertrophy of the ventricle.
LVH : left ventricular hypertrophy .
Right ventricular hypertrophy : hypertrophy of the right
ventricle .
Primary tumors of the heart : initial tumors related to
heart and not elsewhere in the body.
Myxoma : the most common tumor of the heart .
Myocardial rupture : a failure of the gross structure of the
heart . Commonly following myocardial infarction .
Constrictive pericarditis : Pericarditis that constricts the
expansion of the heart and inhibits cardiac function.
Pericardial effusion : an abnormal accumulation of fluid in
the pericardium , which can lead to tamponade.
Pericardial tamponade : accumulation of fluid in the
pericardium that inhibits cardiac function.
Pericarditis : Inflammation of the pericardium .
3. Disorders of the heart valves
The heart has four valves that direct the flow of blood in
one direction. failure to stop against the current is called
regurgitation or insufficiency. Due to narrowing of the valves obstruct the flow,
is called stenosis.
a. Aortic valve
Diseases and the treatment of the aortic valve separates
the left ventricle and the aorta
.
.
• Aortic regurgitation / aortic insufficiency : Deficiency of the aortic valve which allows the aortic
regurgitation into the left ventricle
.
.
• Aortic stenosis: which
reduces blood flow through the valve .
• replacement of the aortic valve :The replacement of the aortic valve is the aortic
regurgitation , aortic stenosis , or other reasons.
• repair of the aortic valve : Repairing, instead of replacing the aortic valve .
• aortic valvuloplasty :The valve repair using a balloon catheter for the opening
force .
b. Mitral valve
Diseases and treatment of the mitral valve that separates
the left atrium and the left ventricle.
• prolapse of the mitral valve
• Mitral regurgitation / mitral insufficiency: Irregularity of mitral valve regurgitation that allows the
left ventricle into the left atrium.
• mitral steosis :Narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve , which reduces
blood flow through the valve
.
.
• replacement of mitral valve : Replacement of the mitral valve due to mitral regurgitation
, mitral stenosis , or other reasons.
• repair of the mitral valve :Repair instead of replacement of the mitral valve.
• mitral valvuloplasty: The valve repair using a balloon catheter for the opening
force .
c. Pulmonary valve
Diseases of the pulmonary valve that separates the right
ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
• Pulmonary failure / pulmonary insufficiency: Deficiency of pulmonary valve regurgitation that allows the
pulmonary artery into the right ventricle .
• pulmonary stenosis: The narrowing of the opening of the pulmonary valve that
reduces blood flow through the valve .
d. Tricuspid valve
Diseases of the tricuspid valve separates the right atrium
and the right ventricle.
• tricuspid regurgitation / tricuspid regurgitation: Insufficiency of the tricuspid valve regurgitation that
allows the right ventricle into the right atrium.
4.Congenital heart defect (CHD)
CHD are defects in the structure of the
heart that are present at birth.
• Atrial Septal : Defect in the atrial septum that allows blood flow between
the atria , including a patent foramen ovale ( PFO )
.
.
• bicuspid aortic valve : Formation of two valve leaflets in the aortic valve leaflets
instead of three .
• syndrome of hypoplastic left heart :Defect in the development of heart left as ishypoplastic (
underdeveloped ) .
• Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): Failure to close the ductus arteriosus birth.
• The patent foramen ovale ( PFO ) :Atrial septal defect in that the foramen ovale does not
close at birth
.
.
• Persistent truncus arteriosus: Failure in the arterial tree that is dividing.
• Tetralogy of Fallot: total Set of four anatomical abnormalities : aortic paramount,pulmonary stenosis , ventricular septal defect , and right ventricular
hypertrophy.
• Transposition of the great vessels (TGV): Abnormal spatial arrangement of the great vessels ( superior
vena cava , inferior vena cava , the pulmonary arteries , pulmonary veins , and
the aorta ) .
• Ventricular septal defect: Error in the ventricular septum which permits the flow of
blood from the ventricles .
5.Diseases of the blood vessels ( vascular disease )
• Atherosclerosis : The thickening of the arterial wall due to increased
cholesteroland macrophages .
• aneurysm : Balloon-like bulge of the artery.
• Aorta :Diseases of the aorta :
• coarctation of the aorta: Narrowing at the ductus arteriosus / ligament.
• Aortic dissection : Dissection of the long length of the aorta between the
layers of the aortic wall and filled with blood
.
.
• aortic aneurysm :Aortic aneurysm .
• carotid artery :Disease of the carotid arteries :
• carotid artery stenosis / carotid artery disease : Narrowing of the carotid artery , usually due to atherosclerosis.
• carotid artery dissection :Dissection along the length of the carotid artery between
the layers of the wall of the carotid artery and filled with blood .
• Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) : The formation of a thrombus in a deep vein , usually in the
legs .
• class syndrome thrombosis / economy travelers :DVT due to being sedentary during air travel .
• Varicose veins :Veins that have become enlarged and tortuous with valves
failed , usually in the legs .
• Vasculitis :The inflammation of the blood vessels .
6. Procedures fight against coronary disease
• bypass surgery of the coronary (CABG ) :Grafting of an artery or a vein from elsewhere ( usually the
legs ) for a stenosed coronary artery bypass .
• Enhanced external counterpulsation ( EECP ) : Air assist to move blood to the heart using inflatable
balloons on the legs .
• percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) :The procedures for the treatment of stenosed coronary
arteries , by accessing through a blood vessel .
• PTCA :The enlargement of the coronary artery lumen by forces
developing with a balloon.
• atherectomy :The enlargement of the light of a coronary artery by
removing the plaque .
• Stenting
• expands the lumen of a CA by the strength
developing a tube with wire .
7. The devices used in cardiology
• Stethoscope: Acoustic device for the hearing internal sounds , including
heart sounds .
• Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythm
• Pacemaker : An implanted electrical device that replaces the heart's
natural pacemaker .
• Defibrillator :Electrical appliances to change the rhythm of the heart with
electrical energy.
• Automated External Defibrillator (AED ) :An external defibrillator that is commonly found outside of
health care settings . Often designed for anyone to use .
• implantable defibrillator ( ICD ) :It i is used to avoid situations of life-threatening
(eg , ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) .
8. Devices used to maintain blood pressure
• The artificial heart :An internal pump that completely replaces the pumping action
of the heart .
• Extracorporeal circulation (ECC ) / heart-lung machine :External pump to support the function of both the heart and
lungs.
• pump intra -aortic balloon ( IAB ) :A balloon located in the thoracic aorta to complete the
cardiac output of the heart.
• ventricular assist device: It is a Internal pump to supplement or replace the pumping action of
the ventricle.
9.The tests and diagnostic procedures
• Blood tests
• Echocardiography ( "echo" ) : Ultrasound of the heart to inspect the rooms , valves and
blood circulation.
Transthoracic echocardiogram • (TTE) :Echocardiogram of the heart in the thorax through the outer
body .
• Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE ):Echocardiogram of the heart through a catheter placed in the
esophagus.
• Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) :Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI ) of the heart using ECG and
trigger for watching specific mechanical functions of the heart .
• Cardiac Stress Test:Test the cardiovascular system through the controlled drug
or exercise .
• Auscultation :Listen to sounds (eg , heart sounds ) with a stethoscope .
• electrocardiography (ECG):Measuring the electrical activity of the heart, typically 4
or 10 with the electrodes on the skin .
• Holter monitor:Mobile device for ECG monitoring.
• study of the electrophysiology:The study of the electrical activity of the heart through
the use of catheters placed in the heart via the veins or arteries.
• sphygmomanometer :Cuff used to measure arterial blood pressure .
• cardiac marker: Test biomarkers in the blood that may indicate different
conditions.
• coronary catheterization
• fractional flow reserve ( FFRmyo ):Testing the bloodstream through a stenosis of a coronary
artery to determine the perfusion of the heart.
• intravascular ultrasound (IVUS ): Ultrasound of the coronary artery.
• optical coherence tomography (OCT): Trial using optical scattering